교정 Jobs

I'm currently looking for a skilled professional to help me apply for mid-level full-time technology opportunities. Key Responsibilities: - Assist in tailoring my job applications to the specific requirements of the positions I'm interested in. - Provide guidance on how to optimize my CV and cover letter for these specific roles. - Offer general advice or techniques which could increase my chances of success. Ideal Skills and Experience: - A solid understanding of the technology industry and the skills typically sought after in mid-level roles. - Excellent English language skills, particularly in writing, to help polish my applications. - Previous experience in recruitment or HR would be a bonus. Please note that this is not a job-search role. It's specifically about opt...

I am currently seeking a translator for a novel book from Persian to English. The book is general and isn't associated with any specific technical, business, or personal niche. Here are more details: - the editors must be native Persian - Requirement: Translate a Persian novel - Word Count: The book is less than 50,000 words - File Format: Electronic document The ideal candidate for this project will have a deep understanding of the Persian and English languages, prior experience translating novels, and an ability to capture and maintain the essence of the original content. The project requires quick turnaround times without compromising on the quality of the translation. The ability to work with digital documents is a must. Please provide samples of your previous translatio...

professional transcription of a book manuscript. 234 typewritten pages, double spaced, 8 1/2 x 11 pages = @58,000 words. I supply a PDF of the original document. Supply page by page, word for word transcription of PDF. Must proofread work. Two sample pages attached.

I'm looking to collaborate with local job providers who can work in Serbian. I've successfully completed a Microsoft course and passed the certification in just two months. I'm particularly interested in working on tasks like document creation and editing in Word, creating and editing Power Point presentations, working with Excel sheets, as well as translation and proofreading in Serbian. Key Responsibilities: - Document creation and editing in Word - Creating and editing Power Point presentations - Working with Excel sheets - Translation and proofreading in Serbian Ideal candidates should have: - Proficiency in Microsoft Office tools - Excellent command of Serbian language - Strong attention to detail - Prior experience in translation and proofreading - Ability to work co...

I require a seasoned professional to assist me in formatting a document. Your primary responsibility would be to seamlessly integrate guidelines that have been previously provided for your reference. The specifics of the formatting style are not set in stone, hence an individual with a broad understanding and flexibility with various styles including MLA, APA, and Chicago style is highly preferred. Due to the pressing nature of this project, your ability to work under tight deadlines is of the essence. Key Skills and Experience: - Demonstrable experience in document formatting. - Proficiency in MLA, APA, and Chicago style. - Ability to work on tight schedules.

In need of a talented translator to convert 500-1000 words of written English content into German. The perfect candidate has excellent reading comprehension in English, coupled with superb writing skills in German. Strong attention-to-detail and familiarity with cultural variations will be important in translating the subtle nuances of the text. Skills & Experience: * Native or near-native fluency in German * Proficient reading skills in English * Prior experience with translation * Eye for detail and context sensitivity * Quick turnaround time

I'm in immediate need of a proficient content editor to refine my business reports. Key tasks include: - Fine-tuning the language, flow and structure for clarity and effectiveness. - Ensuring the reports adhere to established business language standards. - Providing feedback on how to improve future business reports. Ideal skills and experience: - Solid experience in editing business related content. - Exceptional attention to detail. - Excellent command of the English language. - Ability to work under tight deadlines, as this project needs to be completed ASAP.

I need an expert to overhaul my Work Experience section in a professional and formal tone, without the use of industry-specific jargon. Key requirements: - Editing and rewriting only the 'Work Experience' section of my CV. - Shifting the tone to be more professional and formal. - Keeping the language general, avoiding the use of industry-specific jargon. The ideal freelancer for this job should have: - Proven experience in CV editing and rewriting. - A strong understanding of what constitutes a professional tone. - The ability to rephrase content and structure it effectively. Please bid with relevant experience in CV writing and any other relevant details.

I need a professional editor with advanced expertise in epidemiology to help with editing a scientific article. The task involves a comprehensive spell-checking, anti-plagiarism review, text structuring, and abbreviation verification. Key Responsibilities: - Comprehensive spell-checking: Ensuring that the text is free of any spelling errors. - Anti-plagiarism review: Verify the originality of the content and eliminate any possible infringements. - Text structuring: Help in restructuring the article to enhance its readability and flow. - Abbreviation verification: Double-check the usage of abbreviations and ensure they are accurate. The main goal of the editing process is to ensure the scientific accuracy and coherence of the article. Therefore, it is crucial that the editor has a deep u...

I'm looking for a professional who can restructure and redefine my existing resume. I need help with the overall layout, format of the document, the articulation stage as this is targeted towards gaining a foothold in the Sales industry. Your input on the wording, content, ensuring that it communicates precisely what potential employers are searching for will be invaluable. I'm also open to suggestions on how to effectively design it to stand out from others. Key Skills: - Strong Knowledge of high-impact resume design - Proven experience in the Sales industry - Adept at optimizing resumes for Job applications - Excellent wording and formatting skills - Able to offer constructive feedback with specific, professional industry-oriented advice and examples. If you have an impress...

I have a non-fiction book written in Italian that requires a professional copywriter and author for the editing. Key Requirements: - The work is mainly focused on fixing grammatical errors and typos, ensuring language accuracy and coherence. The ideal freelancer for this project should: - Be a fluent Italian speaker, preferably native. - Have experience in proofreading and editing non-fiction books. - Possess excellent attention to detail and a good grasp of Italian grammar and style. Please respond with a brief overview of your experience and a quote for the project to be considered.

I have a 10,000-50,000 word book manuscript that needs an experienced Spanish copyeditor. The main goal is to refine the text, correct any grammar and spelling issues, and enhance its clarity and readability. Additionally, I'm looking for someone who can ensure that the stylistic editing is consistent and matches a specific tone throughout the text. Key requirements: - Native Spanish speaker with excellent command of the language - Proven experience in copyediting book manuscripts - Ability to maintain the original author's voice while enhancing the overall quality of the text - Strong attention to detail, especially in terms of grammar, spelling, and consistency

Proofread and edit a 975 word article. Audience is a senior level executives in the fintech and banking sector. Change wording liberally as you see fit to make the article more sophisticated, avoiding cliches and unnecessary wording. Some comments are already added with track changes. The article could even be shortened. Seeking a final document without any track changes.

I’m on the hunt for a proficient Wikipedia editor to perform essential updates on existing articles. This project revolves around ensuring the utmost accuracy within the content, particularly with regard to facts and figures. Check out the main duties and ideal experience below: - Main Responsibilities: 1. Focused editing on existing Wikipedia articles, specialising in updating facts and figures. 2. Guaranteeing that all included information is current, correct, and verifiable. - Ideal Skills and Experience: 1. Demonstrated Wikipedia editing proficiency. 2. Strong attention to detail and a commitment to accuracy. 3. Familiarity with fact-checking and citation guidelines. Enthusiasm towards maintaining Wikipedia’s reputation as an accurate and comprehens...

I’m on the hunt for a proficient Wikipedia editor to perform essential updates on existing articles. This project revolves around ensuring the utmost accuracy within the content, particularly with regard to facts and figures. Check out the main duties and ideal experience below: - Main Responsibilities: 1. Focused editing on existing Wikipedia articles, specialising in updating facts and figures. 2. Guaranteeing that all included information is current, correct, and verifiable. - Ideal Skills and Experience: 1. Demonstrated Wikipedia editing proficiency. 2. Strong attention to detail and a commitment to accuracy. 3. Familiarity with fact-checking and citation guidelines. Enthusiasm towards maintaining Wikipedia’s reputation as an accurate and comprehens...

I'm in need of a professional who can help refine my 5,000-10,000 word ebook for adults. The ideal candidate will be able to perform both content editing and proofreading. Key requirements: - The content needs to be restructured and fine-tuned for clarity and flow. I need help ensuring the overall structure of the book is engaging and logical. - A thorough proofreading pass is required for grammar, spelling, and punctuation. The ebook should be polished to a professional standard. Ideal skills and experience: - Proven experience in content editing and proofreading, particularly for non-fiction books. - Understanding of adult audiences and the ability to tailor content to their needs. - Strong eye for detail to catch and correct errors in the text. - The ability to provide constr...

I need my 2-page Word document formatted professionally. I don't have any specific color scheme, so I'm open to suggestions on how to make the resume look elegant and easy to read. Key Tasks: - Neatly format a 2-page Word document - Apply a professional style to the formatting - Make the document visually appealing - Ensure the document is easy to read and understand Required Qualifications: - Previous experience in professional document formatting - Strong attention to detail - Ability to create visually appealing documents - Excellent communication skills to understand my requirements and suggest appropriate formatting choices. If you have a knack for creating sleek, easy-to-read documents, I'm looking forward to your bid.

As a business owner, I am in search of a freelance translator who specializes in interpreting academic documents pertaining to science. Key Responsibilities: - Transfer scientific jargon in academic work into clear, concise, and easy-to-understand language for business application. Skills and Experience Preferred: - A substantial background or keen interest in the scientific field. - Proven record of translating academic documents. - Exceptional comprehension of scientific terminologies and concepts. - A knack for turning industry-specific language into simplified, understandable content. Ultimately, I am searching for someone who can bridge the gap between academic science and business practicality. Your success in this role will be measured by the quality and accuracy of your trans...

I'm seeking someone to thoroughly edit my CV focused on the medical industry. Key tasks will involve: - Reformatting for a cleaner, professional layout - Intensive spell-check and grammar corrections - Enhancing content and wording to sell my qualifications and skills effectively. It's essential for the freelancer to have a strong command of English, excellent proofreading skills, and profound knowledge of medical industry-specific language. Your task is to ensure that my CV speaks fluently about my capabilities and stands out amongst competitors. The final CV should be delivered as a Word document. Scaling experience with CV writing, especially in the medical field will be seen as a big plus. Keep it professional, concise, and persuasive.

We are seeking skilled proofreaders and transcriptionists (preferably English native speakers) to assist in completing and refining transcriptions. Your role will involve transcribing any missing sections and conducting a thorough proofreading of the existing transcribed parts. To expedite the process, we plan to distribute the work among multiple linguists, as these transcriptions are required urgently. Compensation for this project is set at $0.005 per word, whether for proofreading or transcription. Additionally, candidates must be willing to complete a small sample test as part of the selection process.

I have a lengthy paper that needs to be formatted in APA style within the next hour. I'm looking for someone who can handle the following specifics: - The paper is over 1000 words, so you need to be comfortable working with longer documents. - I need specific formatting for the tables included in the paper. Additionally, emphasis will be on in-text citations. You'll need to ensure proper formatting and referencing style is adhered to. This is a time-critical task, so please only apply if you're confident in your ability to meet the two-hour deadline while ensuring the quality required for an academic paper.

I have a lengthy paper that needs to be formatted in APA style within the next hour. I'm looking for someone who can handle the following specifics: - The paper is over 1000 words, so you need to be comfortable working with longer documents. - I need specific formatting for the tables included in the paper. Additionally, emphasis will be on in-text citations. You'll need to ensure proper formatting and referencing style is adhered to. This is a time-critical task, so please only apply if you're confident in your ability to meet the one-hour deadline while ensuring the quality required for an academic paper.

I'm in search of an experienced translator to convert my novel from French to English. The book is over 100,000 words long, and I would like this task completed within a month. The ideal candidate for this job must: - Be fluent in both French and English, with a strong grasp of the nuances and subtleties of both languages. - Have previous experience translating novels, with a focus on literary translation. - Be able to work within a strict time frame without compromising the quality of the translation. It's crucial that the translator can convey the emotions, tone, and style of the original work accurately in the translated version. I'm looking for someone who is not only linguistically skilled but also has a passion for literature and storytelling. A sample of previous...

I'm in need of a talented editor for a crucial content editing job on my fiction book. Great attention to detail on grammar and spelling aspects is expected. Ideal candidates should have: - Proven experience in editing fiction work - Exceptional grammar and spelling prowess - Excellent attention to detail - Capacity to handle in-depth content editing to polish the story Your responsibilities will be: - Correcting grammatical errors - Refining spelling accuracy If your skills align with this description, I'd love to hear from you. Get ready to dive into a fascinating fiction world.

I'm in need of a proficient editor to proofread my less than 50,000 words, non-fiction book. Besides the grammar, punctuation and spelling checks, you'll ensure clarity and coherency of ideas. Your second task will be to format my book so it's suitable for Amazon publishing. Ideal Skills: -Extensive proofreading and editing experience, particularly within the non-fiction genre -Proficiency with Amazon's book formatting requirements -Ability to work efficiently and meet projected deadlines.

I'm in need of a detail-oriented professional to proofread my elementary school level mathematics lesson plan. The job will involve identifying and correcting any errors, inconsistencies, and grammatical mistakes. Additionally, I'd appreciate suggestions for improving the clarity and effectiveness of the plan. Key requirements: - Familiarity with educational or teaching materials - Exceptional attention to detail - Strong command of English grammar and punctuation - Specific experience or background in elementary education or mathematics is a huge plus This proofreading task requires a keen eye and an understanding of lesson plan structuring. If you meet the above-mentioned criteria, I'd love to hear from you.

I need an experienced editor to do some editing and space correction for my 467-page fiction book. I need help specifically with: - Correcting grammar and punctuation errors - Improving sentence structure Having prior experience in editing fiction books is essential since it requires a different approach than other genres. The right candidate should have an eye for detail and excellent grammar skills to spot and correct any mistakes and inconsistencies. Familiarity with large type formats is a plus, given the nature of my project. Let's bring this book to perfection together!

As the author of a 250+ pages of fiction draft, I am seeking a meticulous professional to provide line editing and developmental editing services. With my manuscript exceeding 80,000 words this project will truly be a test of your editorial prowess. To ensure the project's success, the ideal freelancer should have the following competencies: - Extensive experience in working with large volumes of text - Specialized skills in line editing and developmental editing - Familiarity, or better, a strong passion for the fiction genre - A keen eye for detail, structure, and plot coherence Your role will require you to polish my manuscript, focusing on the progression of the plot and the development of the characters. A strong ability to provide feedback on overarching story elements is cr...

I urgently need a professional to render grading services with the main focus on academic improvement. I am not just interested in getting the grades, but it is paramount that the grader provides suggestions for future improvements. Ideal Skills and Experience: - Previous experience in academic grading and feedback - Adept at providing conclusive recommendations for improvement - Proficient in identifying strength and weaknesses in academic work - Excellent analytical skills to accurately determine areas of needed improvement - Solid understanding of the academic grading system. The service will be task-oriented, hence the freelancer must ensure each task is meticulously done with the aim of prompting academic improvement. The Freelancer must be skillful in developing comprehensive fee...

I am looking for a meticulous proofreader to go over my academic research essay, which is over 1000 words and follows APA 7th citation style. Key Requirements: - Proofreading: The primary task is to ensure the essay is free from any grammatical, punctuation, or spelling errors and structure. Skills and Experience: - Proven experience in academic proofreading with a focus on academic research essays. - Proficiency in APA citation style. This project is ideal for someone who has a strong background in academic writing and editing. A passion for education and research would be a plus medical background

I'm currently in need of someone proficient in Hebrew and Microsoft Word to properly create and format a table of contents within my document. I've run into trouble while trying to structure the table of contents around headings and sub-headings. The ideal freelancer for this job would be someone: - Proficient in Microsoft Word. - Skillful with creating and manipulating tables of contents within Word. - Able to understand and write in Hebrew, as the document is in Hebrew. - Able to quickly troubleshoot and correct missing entries, as well as formatting errors. Your main task will involve the creation of the TOC, but anticipate a certain amount of back-and-forth as we refine it to my satisfaction. Please be prepared to communicate clearly and frequently about progress and obst...

I'm seeking an experienced writer or editor to assist me in revising a medical article. The article is already in a draft stage, but I need professional support to proofread, enhance, and provide comments for potential task involves: - Proofreading which includes grammar, punctuation, and spelling correction. - Substantive editing to improve sentence structure, clarity, and flow. - Simplifying technical jargon while maintaining the integrity of the content. - Correcting grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. - Improving the coherence, structure, and readability of the article. - Adding comments to clarify content that is unclear or imprecise. The ideal candidate should have: - Proven experience in editing and enhancing medical content. - Proficiency in English. - Familiarity wi...

I require a skilled editor who can quickly manage content editing tasks for a document in Google Docs. Timing is of the essence for this project and previous experience in content editing is a must. Key Requirements: - Proficiency with Google Docs - Experience in Content Editing - Fast turnaround time Value will be placed on speed, without sacrificing quality. I need this work done ASAP. Your proficiency in bringing clarity and refinement to my document will be appreciated.

I am in need of a professional who can format my book for a Hardcover format. Key Requirements: - Formatting: The book needs to be professionally formatted for Hardcover. This includes setting up the appropriate margins, text layout, and other necessary elements for this format. Ideal Skills and Experience: - Experience with Book Formatting: A portfolio showcasing successful book formatting projects would be advantageous. - Attention to Detail: A precise eye for detail is crucial to ensure the book looks flawless in the Hardcover format. - Fast Turnaround: I need this project completed ASAP. The ability to work efficiently without compromising quality is paramount. Please provide samples of relevant work in your proposal.

I'm in search for a skilled developer to create a complete Office Package, compatible with the Windows operating system. Tasks include: - Word processing application: This should be able to read and write .docx and .doc file formats. - Spreadsheet application: This needs to create, manage, and support .xlsx/.xls file formats. - Presentation application: Here, the application should be capable of creating, editing, and supporting .pptx/.ppt file formats. Ideal Skills: - Experience in developing software for Windows. - In-depth knowledge of word processing, spreadsheets, and presentation software development. - Understanding of the requested file formats. Please note, we're searching for a robust, fully-functional software, and the budget has been set considering the complexi...

I'm looking for someone to assist in updating the text content on my Wordpress site. There are minor edits of text for style and typography, and the types of tickets available need to be set up correctly. Will send final list when ready. The task involves: - Revising existing content: Ensuring all text on the site is up-to-date, relevant and well-written. - Uploading new content: Adding new text content as needed. - Ensuring proper formatting: Making sure the text is correctly formatted for web readability. Ideal candidates for this job should: - Be experienced with Wordpress: Having a good understanding of how to navigate and make changes on a Wordpress site. - Have strong writing skills: The ability to write engaging, error-free content is essential. - Excellent attention to det...

I am in need of a translator with expertise in Chinese language, especially native traditional variant, for academic use. Primarily, the tasks will involve translating legal documents. Although the exact legal areas or subjects aren't specified, a general knowledge in the whole legal field will be beneficial. Key skills and experience: • Native speaker of traditional Chinese • Sound knowledge of academic and legal terminologies • Proven expertise in translating legal documents from English to traditional Chinese • Ability to handle sensitive information • Up-to-date with Chinese legal terms and conditions. Main tasks include but not limited to: • Translate and proofread legal documents • Ensure the translated document conveys the original messa...

I'm looking for a highly capable individual to create a new, detailed Wikipedia page. Unfortunately, I won't be able to provide the subject of the page at this stage, but successful candidates should have substantial experience in Wikipedia page creation, ensuring that the page meets Wikipedia's guidelines and doesn't get flagged for deletion. Requirements: - A high level of experience with Wikipedia page creation, formatting, and guideline adherence. - Demonstrated knowledge of Wiki's unique syntax and successful past creations are crucial. Interested applicants should include: - Detailed explanation of their experience, particularly regarding Wikipedia. This task involves more than simply writing content; you should also ensure that the Wikipedia community...

250 words translation for a new mobile app from English to German

I have a completed manuscript that I'm looking to self-publish on Kindle Direct Publishing. However, I need a skilled editor to help with the formatting. Key Requirements: - Gutter and margin adjustments: The main task is to adjust the gutter and margin areas for a professional and reader-friendly layout. - Book Size: The manuscript is in 8.5 x 11 format, and I need it to be formatted for Kindle (typically 6" x 9"). This includes adjusting the content to fit the new dimensions while maintaining readability. Additional Information: - The manuscript is already fully edited, so the focus here is on formatting only. - There's no need for specific design elements like header and footer, or chapter title stylings. - The goal is to make the book ready for Kindle Direct ...

I need an experienced and professional business plan writer to review and enhance my current business plan. Key Tasks: - **Content Revision:** The content of the plan needs to be revised and updated to ensure it's coherent and impactful. - **Formatting Improvements:** The plan should be made more visually appealing and professional. **Urgency:** I am on a tight deadline and need this work completed ASAP. Ideal Skills and Experience: - Proven experience in business plan writing and editing - Understanding of different business industries - Proficiency in both content and formatting - Ability to work under tight deadlines - Strong communication skills Please provide relevant samples of your previous work.

I am in search of a seasoned Editor/Publisher with an emphasis on cookbooks to bring my project to fruition. The aim is to sell this cookbook as a commercial product both in digital and hard copy formats. Here are the specifics of the project: - The content of the cookbook is under 50 recipes. Your responsibility would include managing the whole process - from editing for clarity and precision, to ensuring the final product is sale-ready. - You need to have an exceptional eye for detail to ensure the recipes are logically arranged by meal type. - Your job would also involve meticulous listening skills to fully comprehend our unique needs and vision for the project. Ideally, candidates with proven experience in cookbook editing, publishing and formatting are preferred. Your po...

I am seeking a capable professional to thoroughly rewrite my essay that ranges between 500-1000 words. This project is expected to be completed within one week. Key Areas to Consider: - Proper and in-depth Research: Make sure the rewritten essay is up-to-date and relevant. - Rigorous Analysis: I desire a comprehensive breakdown and interpretation of the essay's content. - Definitive Argument/Perspective: A clear point of view should be established and defended in the essay. Skills and Experience Required: - Excellent Writing and Editing skills. - Prior experience in academical writing. - Ability to conduct extensive research. - Strong analytical skills. - Ability to deliver under deadline. Please make sure you comply with the skills mentioned above, as they will be crucial to t...

I'm looking for a Spanish tutor adept in instructing beginners, primarily adults. The focus should be on improving conversational skills rather than on vocabulary, grammar, or reading and writing abilities. Ideal Skills and Experience: - Previous experience teaching Spanish to adults - Skilled in initiating and holding engaging conversations in Spanish - Ability to simplify complex language training methods - Patience and understanding towards new learners Please provide your teaching method and past experience in your bid.

I'm looking for a Spanish tutor adept in instructing beginners, primarily adults. The focus should be on improving conversational skills rather than on vocabulary, grammar, or reading and writing abilities. Ideal Skills and Experience: - Previous experience teaching Spanish to adults - Skilled in initiating and holding engaging conversations in Spanish - Ability to simplify complex language training methods - Patience and understanding towards new learners Please provide your teaching method and past experience in your bid.

I am searching for an experienced proofreader to help refine my non-fiction novel, focussed on the theme of social justice and the arts. I am also looking for a cover designer. I am looking for a simple, but effective cover. Something that communicates the main message of the novel: the artists industry has enormous sociopolitical power. Main Aspects Of The Project: - My manuscript is around 15,000 words. This means your bid should accommodate working with such a volume of text. - The ideal candidate would be someone who has a fair understanding of the topic of Social Justice, and the Arts Industry. Experience in this area would significantly aid in getting the nuances of the language and ensuring the messaging is clear and impactful. I specifically touch on topics such as boo...

**Overview:** We are seeking a Brazilian Portuguese Proofreader with excellent English skills. The ideal candidate will have experience in Microsoft Word, PDFs, and document formatting and editing. **Responsibilities:** - Proofread documents ensuring accuracy and consistency in both Portuguese and English. - Use Word and PDF tools for effective formatting and editing. **Qualifications:** - Native proficiency in Brazilian Portuguese and strong command of English. - Experienced with Word, PDFs, and preferably with a background in translation or proofreading. **Compensation:** - $0.003 per proofread word.

**Overview:** Seeking a Virtual Assistant with expertise in Romance languages to help translate and format documents. Proficiency in ChatGPT-4, Microsoft Word, and PDFs is essential. **Responsibilities:** - Translate and mirror format documents into Romance languages. - Use ChatGPT-4 for translation assistance and editing. - Handle document formatting in Word and PDF. **Qualifications:** - Linguistics major, specializing in Romance languages. - Skilled in Microsoft Word, PDF editing, and ChatGPT-4. - Excellent grammar and punctuation skills. **Pay:** - $3.00 USD/hour

I'm in need of a talented editor to help enhance the persuasive impact of some of my business documents. The documents are already well structured, but need that extra touch to make them more compelling. Key Tasks: - Reviewing and refining the content and structure of the documents to make them more persuasive - Ensuring the tone and messaging align with the intended persuasive impact Ideal Skills and Experience: - Proven experience with content editing, specifically in the context of business documents - Understanding of persuasive writing techniques - Strong attention to detail and ability to refine the clarity and readability of the documents - Excellent communication skills to ensure the intended messaging is maintained The goal is to ensure that the documents are not only wel...

I want my word document get checked on a trustworthy software if there is any plagiarism or AI content. A report on these is needed.